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美国消费者集体诉讼 – 中国企业需要知道的那些事儿

May 2018

by Catherine X. Pan-Giordano and Kent J. Schmidt

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潘惜唇;Kent Schmidt; 包喜

中国企业对美国的证券集体诉讼并不陌生。新东方和阿里巴巴等众多知名中国企业在纽交所或纳斯达克上市后,纷纷遭遇美国原告律师推动的证券集体诉讼,理由是其涉嫌违反美国证券法。相较之下,很多在美国销售产品或服务的中国企业可能还没有意识到,它们也面临美国消费者集体诉讼的重大法律风险。通过将消费者就特定产品或服务提起的单个诉讼集合到一起,消费者集体诉讼经常会以高达数百万美元的判决或和解告终。这方面突出的一个案例是美国几万名消费者于2009年前后针对若干中国石膏板生产商提起的多起集体诉讼,理由是其出口到美国的石膏板产品存在质量缺陷,造成房屋财产损失和人身健康损害。这场集体诉讼旷日持久,至今尚未完结。其中一家被诉的中国企业几年前已经与原告达成和解协议,同意支付10亿多美元的维修成本和损害赔偿,并承担近2亿美元的原告律师费。鉴于上述风险,在美销售产品和服务的中国企业确有必要了解美国消费者集体诉讼的发起及和解机制,并进而未雨绸缪,主动采取适当的防范措施。

问题一:什么是消费者集体诉讼?
集体诉讼指的是数百名或数千名消费者的诉讼请求被集合到一个诉讼当中,由其中一名消费者担任所有不参与诉讼的其他消费者的原告代表。提起消费者集体诉讼的经常是一个单独的消费者,其主张的损害赔偿金额很小—可能只有区区几美元,但是其起诉书会诉称,数千名与其境遇相似的消费者由于同样的企业行为遭受了损害。例如,在一起起诉企业实际产品与其广告宣传不符的虚假广告诉讼中,集体诉讼的原告(即诉讼集体的代表)可能诉称,由于该产品与广告宣传或产品规格不一致,导致原告为该产品支付了超过实际价值的价格。假设广告所宣传的产品价值和产品实际价值之间的差额为30美元,那么这一差额就是该消费者的损失金额。我们再假设该产品已经销售给50万名消费者。那么,原告就会诉称该诉讼集体遭受的损失总额为1500万美元,即诉讼集体中的每名成员均应获得30美元赔偿。集体诉讼背后的法律原则是,单个原告可能因为自己的损失金额很小而认为不值得为此打官司,但是既然企业的过错导致大量消费者遭受同样的损害,则为公平起见,法律不应让该企业把这1500万美元作为利润纳入囊中。每名消费者都应有权通过集体诉讼获得赔偿。

 
问题二:消费者集体诉讼背后的推手是谁?
多数诉讼案件中是由原告发起的,且律师是原告找来的。但在集体诉讼中,发起人则大多是专门以此谋生的原告律师,律师再招揽消费者来做原告代表。集体诉讼的原告一般很少参与案件,仅需要在庭审前提供证词,以及有限地参与和解谈判程序。担任原告代表的消费者为此拿到的报酬很少,而代理律师则可能通过判决或和解赚到被告支付的数百万美元的律师费。虽然法院对于胜诉的集体诉讼原告可获得的赔偿金额有所限制,但是很多法官认为,让胜诉的消费者拿到意外之财确有必要,因为这会激励消费者提起类似的诉讼,抑制和惩罚不诚实的企业行为,从而最终维护消费者的利益。

问题三:常见的消费者诉讼有哪些类型?
消费者产品诉讼案件的诉由通常是,消费者认为产品的某个方面与广告或标签内容不符,或者该产品在其他方面没有达到消费者的合理预期。索赔的理由从笔记本电脑的电池寿命与广告承诺的不一致,到食品中含有某种未披露或有害的成分或化学品,可谓层出不穷。很多针对食品和饮料厂商提起的诉讼与产品的营养成分信息或者作为有机产品的广告宣传有关。化妆品公司和科技公司也经常成为诉讼目标。还有一些案件聚焦于销售过程的某一方面,无论与产品还是服务相关。这些案件的诉由往往与某种涉嫌有失公平的商业做法有关,例如未明示的收费项目、无法兑现的退款承诺,以及其他激进的商业手段。最新一波的消费者集体诉讼则与信息安全、客户身份信息使用和处理,以及黑客窃取客户数据有关。 

问题四:集体诉讼提起后会发生什么?
原告提起集体诉讼请求后,各方通常会就该权利主张是否正当,及其是否可以作为集体诉讼进行审理而展开诉讼。一项诉讼请求只有在满足某些特定要求后才能作为集体诉讼审理。总体而言,集体诉讼要求有足够数量的原告,而且这些原告的案情基本相似,因而他们的诉讼请求可以合并审理,法官不必考虑每名原告个人独特的情况。在案件进行过程中,各方一般都会讨论和解的各种选项,以期不经过庭审即达成和解协议。

问题五:集体诉讼如何达成和解?
集体诉讼的和解协议通常需要法庭批准。法院知道集体诉讼的程序可能会被滥用,因此对和解条款的审查日趋严格,以确保原告集体的利益能获得真正的保障。和解协议通常都涉及向集体诉讼中的所有原告成员发出通知,允许他们选择参加和解,或保留个人继续诉讼的权利。

问题六:如何避免陷入潜在的集体诉讼,或者尽量减少遭遇集体诉讼后可能产生的损失?
我们建议,在美国销售产品或提供服务的中国企业考虑开展有关消费者集体诉讼的专项风险评估,以了解企业可能成为消费者集体诉讼被告的潜在风险点。这需要对有关产品或服务的各个方面进行评估。另外,企业需要分析其提供给消费者的各种类型的关于其产品和服务的信息(如广告、产品标签等),并根据最新的消费者集体诉讼趋势审视企业的市场和销售行为。在评估过程中,建议企业向熟悉美国消费者集体诉讼最新动态的法律顾问进行咨询,以便基于风险评估的结果,制定有助于降低其集体诉讼风险的防范措施。中国企业可以考虑采取的一些风险防范措施如下:

  • 要求上游供应商在合同中就因其过错导致的诉讼损失做出赔偿承诺,特别是那些可能造成环境污染诉讼风险的原材料供应商;
  • 要求代工厂商就因其过错导致的诉讼损失做出赔偿承诺;
  • 要求可能没有赔偿能力的供货商和代工厂提供其已经购买保险的证明,并要求成为该等保险项下的共同被保险人;
  • 购买充分的产品责任保险,并审慎谈判保险合同中的除外条款,尽量缩小不予保险的范围;
  • 密切跟踪客户投诉情况以尽早发现潜在诉讼风险,迅速处理客户投诉以避免陷入诉讼;以及 
  • 一旦被诉,一定要积极出庭应诉和尽早寻求和解,避免因未能出庭而遭遇缺席判决。

本文作者

Pan-Giordano, Catherine

潘惜唇 (Catherine X. Pan-Giordano)
合伙人
全美及中国联合业务部
联席主席

潘惜唇律师是德汇全美及中国联合业务部的联席主席,在处理在美国经营的中国企业所面临的法律问题方面具备丰富的经验。潘律师毕业于哈佛大学法学院,2013年至2015年连续被评选为纽约地区“超级律师之星”,并在2014年和2015年连续被《纽约时报》评选为纽约市“最佳女律师”。

Kent Schmidt

Kent J. Schmidt
合伙人
作为南加州分所的合伙人,Kent的业务范围包括几乎所有类型的一般商业诉讼,尤其侧重在不公平的商业行为、商业秘密诉讼、消费者集体诉讼、产品责任、证券诉讼和执行、商业纠纷以及第65号提案(环境)索赔。不论代表原告还是被告,他都是一位热心且富有创造力的出庭律师。除了他的一般商业诉讼业务之外,Kent律师还是一名经验丰富的第一修正案律师,他代理诽谤案件双方和涉及言论自由的其他事务,其中包括加利福尼亚独特的反SLAPP法令。在德汇度过了他的整个法律职业生涯后,Kent擅长找到合适的律师与他合作,以便为他的客户提供最佳代理和业务价值。

包喜 (Wallace Bao)
律师
包喜律师是德汇纽约分所公司业务团队的律师,主要专注于跨境并购、股权投资和其他商业交易。他致力于将法律技能和管理经验相结合,帮助客户实现业务目标。在开始律师职业生涯之前,包律师曾先后在两家跨国公司从事中国区和亚太地区的战略并购及合作项目的管理工作。包律师拥有美国纽约州律师执照和中国法律职业资格,并以优异成绩毕业于长江商学院金融MBA项目。

Firm Highlights

News

Dorsey & Whitney Advises Beijing Xunzhong on Two Consecutive H Share Placings Raising HK$418.5 Million

International law firm Dorsey & Whitney LLP acted as Hong Kong legal advisors to Beijing Xunzhong Communication Technology Co., Ltd. (“Xunzhong”) as to Hong Kong law in connection with two consecutive placings of new H shares under general mandate (the “First Placing” and the “Second Placing”, respectively, and together, the “Placings”). Xunzhong’s H shares are listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (Stock Code: 2597). Winbull Securities International (Hong Kong) Limited acted as sole overall coordinator and placing agent on both Placings. The First Placing of 11,190,000 new H shares at HK$28.20 each was completed on September 17, 2026, followed by the Second Placing of 3,550,000 new H shares at HK$29.00 each on October 30, 2026. The Placings raised approximately HK$315.56 million and HK$102.95 million in gross proceeds, respectively, or approximately HK$418.51 million in aggregate (approximately HK$415.96 million in aggregate net proceeds). Both Placings were conducted under the same general mandate granted by shareholders at Xunzhong’s 2025 annual general meeting, and each was completed within one week of the signing of its placing agreement. Completing placings in consecutive months is relatively uncommon in the Hong Kong market, and doing so called on the technical depth of Dorsey’s Hong Kong Capital Markets team. Working closely with Xunzhong to understand its business needs and prepare the transaction documents, the team addressed in quick succession the remaining capacity under the general mandate, disclosure of the use of proceeds and the maintenance of Xunzhong’s public float, enabling both Placings to be completed seamlessly. “We are pleased to have advised Xunzhong on both Placings,” said Rachel Han, Partner and Co-Head of Dorsey’s Asia Capital Markets practice. “We appreciate the trust placed in our team and the close collaboration among all parties involved. We look forward to supporting Xunzhong as it continues to execute its growth strategy and pursue future capital markets opportunities.” Xunzhong is principally engaged in cloud-based communications services and enterprise digitalization services in the PRC. As disclosed in its announcements, the net proceeds of the First Placing are allocated to developing Xunzhong’s new computing power operation services business, while those of the Second Placing will be used to integrate model-as-a-service (MaaS) and AI agent capabilities into its existing cloud communications platform-as-a-service (PaaS) platform and software-as-a-service (SaaS) products. Approximately 55% of the net proceeds of the Second Placing will be used for computing power equipment upgrades for the MaaS system, approximately 35% for MaaS, PaaS and SaaS platform upgrades, and approximately 10% for working capital and general corporate purposes. With a single MaaS platform and shared computing power supporting its PaaS and SaaS offerings, Xunzhong intends for its MaaS, PaaS and SaaS capabilities to complement and reinforce one another, and to address customer needs from multiple angles, from embedding AI in customer communications and business workflows to maintaining stable performance at scale and keeping customer data within controlled environments. Partner and Co-Head of Dorsey’s Asia Capital Markets practice Rachel Han and Of Counsel in the Capital Markets and Corporate Compliance group Carlton Ng, along with Associate Kristy Ting, led the Dorsey Hong Kong Capital Markets & Corporate Compliance group in advising Xunzhong on both Placings.

Event/Resource

Corporate Counsel Symposium 2026 Materials Hub

Materials Symposium Agenda Sessions 8:30 am - 9:30 am CT Session A: The Corporate Compass: Finding True North When Ethical Duties Conflict Philip Kaplan, Senior Legal Counsel, Howden Re Lucia Suljic, Vice President, Corporate Legal, Canon USA Nicole Stanton, Partner & Deputy General Counsel, Dorsey & Whitney LLP This panel addresses ethical obligations of in-house counsel, including balancing obligations and duties that may conflict with each other. How should a responsible in-house lawyer deal with those challenging situations? Rather than stick to an academic discussion, this panel will revolve around a series of practical scenarios that are designed to be realistic and timely, including situations where counsel is asked to represent both the company and an individual, how and when to disclose uncomfortable facts and inconvenient documents, issues involving changing firms and companies, and multijurisdictional practice. 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Particular focus will be given to developments during the first two years of the second Trump Administration, including changes in tariff policy, tariff refunds, export controls, economic sanctions, and national security reviews of foreign investment. Through a discussion of regulatory trends and practical case studies, attendees will gain a deeper understanding of the legal risks and compliance obligations associated with cross-border business activities, and hear about practical strategies for advising clients and managing compliance obligations in a rapidly changing trade and investment environment. 9:45 am - 10:45 am CT Session A: The Elon Musk Cases: What Tesla and Twitter Can Teach Your Board of Directors Loren Unterseher, Managing Partner, Oxbow Industries, LLC Shulamite White, Chief Legal Officer and Head of People, Motive Technologies Kirsten Schubert, Tom Swigert, and Jonathan Van Horn, Dorsey & Whitney LLP Recent cases involving Elon Musk and his businesses have had significant impact on principles governing board of directors’ fiduciary duties and corporate processes. This panel will examine recent litigation involving Elon Musk, Tesla, and Twitter, and its effects on the law governing the duties of directors and executives, including the executive compensation and director compensation processes, conflicts that may arise when a single executive has control over multiple businesses, and the ramifications of tweets or other public statements by an executive. Session B: All Eyes on DEI: Managing Diversity Efforts Amid Regulatory Scrutiny and Potential Litigation Maggie Dalton, Senior Commercial Attorney, Cargill; Board Co-Chair, Twin Cities Diversity in Practice Laura A. Vannelli, Legal Counsel, Mayo Clinic Susan Lorenc and Jack Sullivan, Dorsey & Whitney LLP The legal and regulatory landscape surrounding diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives has changed dramatically over the past two years. 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Cam Hoang and Robert Rosenbaum, Dorsey & Whitney LLP More than ever, ensuring that boards are well-informed and forward-thinking is critical to a company’s success. Join our panel of corporate governance experts as they share their experiences advising boards through crisis and unpredictable events; capitalizing on, but also checking, disruptive technologies; and positioning the company to succeed in an environment of shifting government priorities. 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Insights

Observations on the SEC’s 2027 Examination Priorities

The SEC’s Division of Examinations (the “Division”) recently announced its examination priorities (“Exam Priorities”) for fiscal year 2027.1 Although many of the Division’s core areas of focus remain consistent with fiscal year 2026, the 2027 Exam Priorities include notable changes and refinements, which we discuss below, along with other key 2027 examination priorities. Dorsey Observations Renewed focus on economic conflicts of interest. After certain economic-incentive topics received less emphasis in the 2026 Exam Priorities2, the Division has again expressly identified economic conflicts as an examination focus. The 2027 Exam Priorities indicate that the Division will prioritize reviewing advisers’ fiduciary obligations relating to economic conflicts of interest raised by fee rebates, fee and expense calculations, cash management, quid pro quo arrangements, and deposits and withdrawals. Greater emphasis on private-fund practices. 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The shift signals that registrants should consider whether their cybersecurity policies and controls adequately address these evolving threats. New focus on proxy advisory firms. The 2027 Exam Priorities state that the Division will examine advisers that rely on proxy advisory firms, including how those advisers evaluate the firms’ recommendations, assess the bases for those recommendations, identify potential conflicts of interest, and determine whether that reliance satisfies applicable legal obligations. Advisers that rely on proxy advisory firms may wish to consider whether their compliance programs address these areas. Updated focus on Regulation S-P and Regulation S-ID. The 2026 Exam Priorities stated that the Division would engage firms during examinations regarding their progress in preparing incident response programs ahead of the compliance dates for the amendments to Regulation S-P and would examine compliance with the amended rule after those dates. 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Reviewing disclosures on allocations, leverage, and affiliated service providers. The 2027 Exam Priorities identify disclosures related to certain investments and allocations, the use of debt and fund-level lines of credit, and the use of affiliated service providers as examples. Confirming the accuracy of fee and expense calculations. The Division states that it will assess the accuracy of fee and expense calculations at both the fund and investment levels, and it identifies fee rebates, cash management, quid pro quo arrangements, deposits, and withdrawals as areas in which economic conflicts of interest may affect the impartiality of advice. Reviewing recommendations of illiquid or hard-to-trade products. The Division states that it will prioritize advisers that recommend products that are difficult to trade, have unusual features, or are illiquid, including loans provided by private funds or BDCs and investments in private companies through SPVs. Confirming that the compliance program is implemented and reviewed. The Division states that it will review compliance program components such as marketing, valuation, and custody, as appropriate, and will typically analyze the annual compliance review. It will also focus on compliance practices when advisers have started advising new asset classes or clients or grown through mergers or acquisitions. 1 SEC Division of Examinations 2027 Examination Priorities. 2 See Dorsey’s Client Alert on the SEC’s fiscal year 2026 exam priorities.

Insights

Minnesota Consumer-Fraud Enforcement: Disclaimers Won’t Cure Deception, and Penalties Can Add Up

Misleading advertising claims can lead to costly consequences. In State of Minnesota ex rel. Ellison v. Wall & Associates, Inc., No. A25-2064, 2026 WL 3118291 (Minn. App. Oct. 19, 2026), the Minnesota Court of Appeals recently affirmed a bench trial verdict against a tax-relief company and two executives for violations of the Minnesota Consumer Fraud Act (“MCFA”) and the Minnesota Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“MDTPA”). The decision, which affirmed a substantial restitution and civil penalty judgment, underscores the broad power of the Minnesota Attorney General to act against deceptive sales practices. The decision also offers practical lessons for businesses seeking to reduce liability risks in consumer-facing communications. Background Wall & Associates (“W&A”), a Virginia-based tax-relief company, marketed assistance to taxpayers seeking relief from outstanding federal and state tax liabilities, often with offers in compromise—agreements to settle tax liabilities for less than the amount owed. In its extensive advertising campaigns, W&A represented that its average client received a 90% reduction in their tax debt, that it was a local company with Minnesota offices, that it provided legal services, and that it would “Solve ALL Tax Problems.” In reality, W&A’s promises bore little resemblance to what many clients received. Most of W&A’s clients saw just a 9.5% reduction in federal tax debt and 1.2% in state tax debt. W&A had no permanent Minnesota offices. And W&A provided neither legal representation nor assistance with filing tax returns—those services required referrals to separate firms for an additional fee. All the while, W&A clients paid upfront and recurring fees, including during periods when W&A did no work on their cases. Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison sued W&A, its founder and owner Ernest Kenneth Wall, and its president and CEO Patrick Mark Yates, alleging violations of, among other laws, the MCFA and the MDTPA. Following a 12-day bench trial, the district court determined that W&A violated the MCFA and MDTPA through its false and embellished advertising. The district court also held Wall and Yates individually liable for those violations because they directed, participated in, and acquiesced in the violations. The district court ordered injunctive relief, $2.7 million in restitution (with Wall and Yates jointly and severally liable for $1.3 million), and civil penalties of $786,517 against W&A, $415,500 against Wall, and $207,750 against Yates. The district court also awarded over $2.5 million in attorneys’ fees and costs to the state. W&A, Wall, and Yates appealed to the Minnesota Court of Appeals, which affirmed the district court’s decision on October 19, 2026. Although W&A, Wall, and Yates challenged the judgment on numerous grounds, several highlights of the decision provide important takeaways for consumer-facing businesses. Individual Reliance Is Not Required for Statutory Liability W&A argued that Attorney General Ellison had to prove a causal nexus between each violation of the MCFA and MDTPA and the injury to a particular consumer to establish liability. In W&A’s view, this required proof that each injured consumer had personally relied on W&A’s false representation. The Court of Appeals rejected this argument based on the MCFA’s and MDTPA’s plain language, which requires no proof of actual deception or confusion by consumers. The Court of Appeals finally pointed to the Minnesota Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Minnesota School of Business, Inc., which held that when a defendant’s misrepresentations are directed at and affected “a broad group of consumers, proof of direct individual reliance is not required to establish a causal nexus between MCFA violations and the harm suffered by consumers.” 935 N.W.2d 124, 135 (Minn. 2019). The Court of Appeals affirmed, however, that a causal nexus is necessary to support an award of damages under the MCFA and MDTPA. In making that determination, district courts look to various factors, including whether the misrepresentations were “longstanding, pervasive, and widespread in communications directed to consumers,” whether the seller intended and understood that consumers would rely on the misrepresentations, and whether the information was of a kind on which consumers would typically rely. The Court of Appeals’ decision continues Minnesota School of Business’s broad interpretation of liability under the MCFA and the MDTPA. Coordinated marketing campaigns to a “broad group of consumers” may expose businesses to MCFA and MDTPA liability without customer-by-customer proof of injury. That said, a causal nexus remains an element of an MCFA and MDTPA claim, and businesses involved in litigation should build a clear record at trial and on appeal showing how each of the relevant factors bears on the causal-nexus inquiry. Contractual Disclaimers Are Not an Automatic Defense to a Misleading Pitch W&A next argued that disclaimers in its client contracts prevented consumers from claiming they had been misled by its advertising. Reiterating that individual reliance is not required under the MCFA and MDTPA, the Court of Appeals held that a contractual disclaimer does not necessarily defeat a claim based on a conflicting oral representation. And on the facts of this case, the Court of Appeals agreed with the district court that W&A’s contractual disclaimers were insufficient given the extensive misrepresentations by W&A and the unequal bargaining power between it and its customers. This holding confirms that contractual disclaimers are not a cure-all for misleading advertising or sales practices. Businesses should review the entire customer journey, including pre-contract representations, as those representations may survive a contractual disclaimer to the contrary. And if faced with litigation, businesses should build a strong record, both at trial and on appeal, showing why any disclaimer is effective in context. The State Has Broad Authority to Seek Restitution W&A also challenged Attorney General Ellison’s authority to seek restitution under the state’s parens patriae authority to protect residents’ collective interests, arguing that injury to only 228 Minnesotans did not affect a sufficiently substantial segment of the population. The Court of Appeals rejected a simple headcount approach, instead explaining that the state had a legitimate interest in protecting residents’ economic well-being as a whole. In any event, the Court of Appeals held that if restitution was not appropriate under the state’s parens patriae authority, then it would still be appropriate under the Attorney General’s enforcement powers under Minn. Stat. § 8.31. The decision reinforces that the broader and more sustained the deceptive advertising, the stronger the case for restitution to protect Minnesotans’ economic interests. Civil Penalties Accrue Per Violation, Not Per Defendant The Court of Appeals finally rejected W&A’s claim that the Attorney General’s enforcement powers under Minn. Stat. § 8.31 permit only civil penalties of up to $25,000 for each defendant. Rather, the Court of Appeals explained that penalties are limited to $25,000 per violation. Multiple violations can therefore produce substantially greater penalties. The Court of Appeals also rejected the argument that restitution made penalties unnecessary: repaying consumers does not eliminate the need to address gains from deceptive conduct and deter future violations. Final Takeaways Align every consumer-facing communication. Broad and extensive marketing campaigns can expose businesses to stronger enforcement standards under the MCFA and MDTPA, making it critical that consumer communications remain accurate and consistent from the first advertisement through the final sale. Plan for layered enforcement exposure. Penalties under the MCFA and MDTPA can add up quickly: W&A, Wall, and Yates ultimately faced more than $6 million in civil penalties, restitution, and attorneys’ fees. The decision continues a line of Minnesota cases recognizing the Attorney General’s broad consumer-protection authority. Details matter. Although the Attorney General’s enforcement power is broad, it is not boundless. As the Court of Appeals explained, issues of causation, the effectiveness of contractual disclaimers, and the availability of restitution and civil penalties all turn on the specific facts of the case. Effective advocacy at trial and on appeal is critical to developing the facts relevant to liability and damages.